PREPOSITION IN, ON, AT

Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)

The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:

Preposition + Time + Place :

·         In Year, Month, In 1999, In December Country, State, City In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei

·         On day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 street On Main Street, On 1st Ave.

·         At time At 8:00, At 7:30 address At 815 East Main Street

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.

Examples:

A: Where's your school?

B: In SMAN2 PALANGKARAYA.

A: Really? what exactly the address where?

B: It's on K.S tubun street.

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Definition :

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.

Sosial function :

To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure :

·         Thesis : announcement of issue concern.

·         Argument : reasons for concern leading to recommendation.

·          Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not happen.

Language feature :

o    Focusing on the writer

o    Emotive words such as : worried

o    Using abstractnoun; policy, advantage, etc

o    Using action verb

o    Using thinking verb

o    Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc.

o   Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, trustworthy, etc.

o    Using passive voice

o    Using simple present tense

o    subjective using pronouns : I and we

Example

                                                                corruption

Thesis

        Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

        Argument 1 

        The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Argument 2  

        Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation 

        I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.

Fuel Price Must Be Dropped

Thesis :

          Government should cancel the rise of fuel price done in beginning of October 2005. Most of Indonesian people badly beg it for some basic reasons.

Argument 1:

           First, for Industry. The rise of fuel price will increase their production cost because they must pay more for fuel and electricity used in the process of production. Consequently, it will rise the selling price for the product. If the product price is increased, it will be hard for the product to compete with the goods from other countries. The export will decrease rapidly and government will lose the income from exporting goods. 

Argument 2 :

            Second, for workers. The rise of fuel price will force the company where they work to limit the budget to low the number of workers. It means hundreds even thousands of workers will lose their jobs. The jobless people will increase instability of nations because they will do whatever they can do to get some money, even by doing crime. What a dreadful nightmare!

Argument 3:

             Thirdly, for ordinary people. They must manage their finance to survive because the rise of fuel price will increase the price of their basic need's price. They have to find   alternative ways to survive, reducing the meals, postponing the buying of unnecessary things or event for the from school. This is the worst.

Recommendation :

           Based on the facts above, considering the negative impact of the rise of fuel price above, government must cancel the rise and try to find other ways to cover the lack of the national budget by not cutting the subsidy of fuel.

WEATHER REPORTS AND TABLE/GRAPHS

1.   WEATHER REPORTS

Definition : Weather Report or weather forecast is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of principles of physics and mateorogy.

Function:                                                                   

•      To protect life and property.

•       Temperature and precipitation, it is important for agriculture,

•       For commodities traders in the stock market.

•       Climate forecasts are used by utility companies   to estimate demand over coming days.

•       To decide what to wear on a given day

•       To plan activities,

•       To plan ahead and survive.

Example of Weather Reports

Good morning. This is Andrea Giselle with weather report. It will be rainy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for long time. By early afternoon it it ill be synny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening in to the night. Thank you.

2.   TABLES

Definition : The table is a summary of a list of data that informs the form of numbers, arranged by applying, in sequence down certain paths and rows using the row delimiter.

 

Function

•      Describes a fact or information in brief, clear, and more interesting than words.

•      To compare the amount of data.

How to read table?

•      Observe first title.

•      Observe the columns in the table.

•      Find the striking difference in the data is either the lowest or the highest average, count if necessary. 

3.   GRAPHS

Definition :Graph is a painting or a tidal rise and fall of a state represented by a line or drawing the ups and downs of a data.

Function

•      Enables delivery of complex information more easily.

•      Can provide a snapshot of information in a clear, simple, interesting, and effective.

•      To compare the amount of data.

How to read ?

•      Observe the chart title first.

•      Observe the right lane and the left or down with respect to the number.

•      Find the striking difference in the data.

•      Pull conclusions from the data and describe

There are three basic kinds of graphs:

1)                  Circle graph.

2)                  Bar graph.

3)                  Line graph.

1.     Circle Graph

Definition :

A circle graph is a graph in the form of a circle that is divided into sectors, with each sector representing a part of a set of data.

2.     Bar Graph

Definition :

Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren't continuous - especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc.

3.     Line Graph

Definition :

       A graph that uses points connected by lines to show how something changes in value (as time goes by, or as something else happens).

SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER

SO AND TOO 
 

Definition :

The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.

Formula :

so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too

Example :

Radit likes playing football. Yohanes also likes playing football.

-Radit likes playing  football and so does Yohanes
-Radit likes playing  football and Yohanes does too

Either and Neither

Definition

The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.

Formula:

Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject

Example:

  Deby is not doing her homework now. Otis is also not doing her homework.

-Deby is not doing her homework now and Otis is not either
-Deby is not doing his homework now and neither is Otis

DEFINITE & INDEFINITE PRONOUN

Definite and Indefinite pronoun

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

• all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:

• He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
• I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural. 
Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look at these examples:

• Each of the players has a doctor.
• I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement: 

• Many have expressed their views.

pronoun	meaning	example
singular
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eatenanything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind.Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They losteverything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is known about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times butnobody answered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to saynothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and theother was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebodymurdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heardsomething! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
plural
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that othershave tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained andseveral left the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap? I invited five friends butnone have come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated assuch.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required